The desert areas of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

This study aims to examine the elements of stylistics in three stories. They include three poetical narratives by
A  ar in mystical genre pivoting around the character of  allaj. The main research question of are: a) According to which stylistic mechanisms of narrative are the narrative-stylistic elements explained? And b) How are these elements reflected in the narrative discourse? This study hypothesis check the components of Simpson's narrative discourse to determine the stylistic features. Therefore, analysis of the texture of these narratives showed that in total, material processes with 16 applications had more performance than verbal process with 3 cases, mental process with 13 cases and behavioral process with 1 case. The research uses library method for collecting data and is analytical in nature, employing the methodology proposed by Simpson in his Stylistics approach. The results indicate the extent of characters’ collaboration by analysing the processes. In terms of point of view on the temporal plane, there is no specific time since all three narratives revolve around  allaj. The descriptive pause is another example of this point of view and narrative time in the stories is longer than story-time. In the second story, however, the narrative is denser and more concise. An example of a point of view on the temporal plane can be seen in the three discourses of narration using "the use of past verbs", "descriptive pause" and "narrative time" in two narratives, and the narrative of “ tashte khakestar va amadane ashegh" is rejected. Naturally, from the spatial point of view, referring to space is not pertinent because it the prestige of  allaj which is the focus of the author. All three narrative discourses confirm Hallaj's high position on psychological plane. The point of view is the third person in all three stories. In the first and third stories, the third person perspective is reflective, and in the second story, the third person perspective is prominent. Modality has some features in narratives of  allaj: since the narrator narrates  allaj’ s emotions and the Lover’ s character by direct speech, it has a positive shading. This may be explained using Fowler-Uspensky model. In terms of idiolect, the words uttered as the Lover’ s reaction to see the Beloved’ s (i. e.  allaj’ s) ash and finding a trace of the latter are in line with the mystical context of the story. All three stories of  allaj can be discussed in view of Labov’ s ‘ textual structure’ . Therefore, in future research, it is possible to examine the textual structure of the elements of this model in the narrative context by examining the structure of the text in other anecdotes of mystical poetry and consider the anecdotes related to elders. The results of this study showed that in almost these three stories, the result, the solution and the terminal phase are the same, and the reason is Attar's advice, which replaces any kind of analysis. With regard to intertextuality, two stories ‘  allaj in the gallows’ (
allaj bar sar-i dar) and ‘  allaj decapitated in sleep’ (
allaj ba sar-i burida) are referred to in other texts. The results of this study clearly show that the study of narrative stylistics and the application of its components have mechanisms that are suitable for analyzing different levels of narrative discourse context. In addition, this study provided an understanding of the style of Hallaj's narratives that had not been previously explored.

Newton's method is one of the important algorithms for solving absolute value equations. In this paper, we introduce an efficient two-step iterative method to improve the Newton algorithm. The new method adopts the predictor-corrector technique in which the first step is generalized Newton method and the second step is based on Simpson's $3/8$ rule.Under some standard assumptions, the convergence of new method and its linear convergence rate are obtained. Numerical results show that the our method is efficient and robust to solve absolute value equations.

The Simpsonian narrative model, which deals with critical stylistics, relies on linguistic tools to examine a narrator's performance while narrating. This qualitative model allows the researcher to analyze points of view by means of identifying the narrator type and the mood used. The present descriptive-analytical research, which selected this model as its framework, analyzed the role of the narrator in the Noble Surah Ta-ha from temporal, spatial, psychological, and mood perspectives. The fictional capacity of Surah Ta-Ha and addressing narrative details, along with the necessity of conducting linguistic analyses of Qur'anic stories are some of rationales for this study. Based on the research findings and the evaluations carried out, the narrator in this sura is the third person narrative mode who sometimes changes his state to the reflector-mode. Furthermore, the mood of the narrator in this sura is positive and considering the verb types used, the narrator has a comprehensive dominance in terms of the information provided with the audience.

Extended Abstract Introduction: Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) belongs to Chenopodiaceae and is one of the most important leafy vegetables in the world. Spinach is a valuable human food source because its leaves are rich in minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. Weeds are one of the significant challenges for spinach production. They can lead to a decrease in commercial biomass and spinach quality. The incidence of herbicide resistance in spinach fields has led to the use of environmentally friendly methods such as cover crops. These plants can cause physical suppression of the weeds by creating adequate biomass and developing a canopy. The aim of this study was to provide a quantitative study of the interactions of the cover crops (such as oat and daikon radish) and hand-weeding treatments on the suppression of the weeds and their effect on the vegetative growth and yield of spinach.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in the crop years of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili with 1350 meters above sea level and geographical coordinates 38˚ 19´ East and 48˚ 20´ North with cold and semi-arid climates. The experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Experimental treatments included the first factor of oat (Avena sativa L.), daikon radish (Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus), their intercropping (with 50 % seed ratio), and control treatment (without cover crops). The second factor consisted of hand-weeding and non- weeding. The seed rate of oat and daikon radish was 100 and 20 kg per ha, respectively, and were planted manually at a 3×4 meter plots. In this experiment, the seeds of Spinach Viroflay were used. Seeds were sowed manually among the residues of cover crops at 1.5 cm depth. Due to the amount of precipitation in two years, irrigation was performed if needed. The inter and intra-row spacing was 20 and 10 cm. Hand-weeding was done from the planting date to the final harvest of spinach. The investigated traits included dried biomass of cover crops, the density of dominant weeds, and Simpson, Shannon-Weaner, and Margalef indices.Results and Discussion: The biomass of cover crops was significantly affected by planting systems, seed density, and year (P ≤1 %). The results showed that the highest biomass of cover crops (538.83 gm-2) was obtained from oats. Also, the lowest biomass (325.83 g.m2) belonged to daikon radish. The dominant weeds were consisted of three species such as lamb's quarters (Chenopodium Album), italian bugloss (Anchusa Italica Retz), and common fumitory (Fumaria officinalis). The results showed that oat in two years had the lowest weed biomass (10.64 g.m2) and density of lamb's quarters, italian bugloss, and common fumitory (4.33, 5.00, and 4.25 number/m2). The maximum weed control efficiency index (57.67 %) was obtained from the oat monoculture. Also, the highest weed control efficiency index (51.47 %) was obtained from the hand-weeding. Margalef's index decreased in the first and second sampling times compared to 5.55 % and 9.85 % relative to the first year. The highest index of Shannon-Weaner's diversity belonged to control and daikon radish (0.47 and 0.47). The highest baby spinach yield and final yield in the first and second phases of sampling in two years were obtained from oats treatment (with 567.05 and 944 g.m2, respectively) and then from their intercropping (390.04 and 786.33 g.m2).Conclusion: The results showed that oat and its combination with daikon radish had the highest biomass compared to daikon monoculture. The effect of oat biomass on the decrease in density and biomass of the total weeds was significant, which was due to the amount of oat seeds consumed compared to daikon radish. In addition, hand-weeding reduced the density and biomass of the weeds more than non-weeding. Hand-weeding led to the lack of opportunity for weeds' growth. As such, the improvement of the baby spinach and the final yield was due to the hand-weeding of the weeds and the presence of the cover crops biomass in the experiment. The results of are inferred that oat monoculture is suitable both in terms of reducing physical competition of horticultural plants with weeds and improving spinach yield.

Background and objectives: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common mononeuropathy encountered in clinical practice. Conventional electro diagnosis studies have been useful in the diagnosis of this condition. The Terminal Latency Index (TLI) is a derived neurophysiological value that adjusts the Distal motor Latency (DL) for the terminal distance and motor nerve Conduction Velocity (CV).Several studies have suggested utility of the median TLI for diagnosis of CTS.The goal of this study is to evaluate prospectively the sensitivity of the median TLI in the diagnosis of CTS and compare it with other electrodiagnosis techniques.Material and Methods: This study was done on 111 patients as CTS group & 62 healthy subject as control group. In all groups five selected tests of electrodiagnosis were done and all of them were compared with TLI sensitivity.Results: The mean TLI was 0.3±0.05 in the CTS group and 0.42±0.03 in the control group. The sensitivity of TLI was 73% The TLI wasn't statistically better than the other tests, but in three cases from the CTS group, the TLI was the only abnormal test.The 7 and 14 cm method had meaningful sensitivity in contrary to other tests.Conclusion: The sensitivity of TLI has no meaningful difference with other routine electro diagnostic tests in diagnosis of CTS.The median TLI is a useful but not more sensitive electrodiagnostic test for CTS.

Introduction: Three methods of OCRA Index, Strain Index (SI), and ACGIH HAL have been proposed for the assessment of risk factors of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Investigating the correlation and consistency of these three methods are of prominence importance in the workplaces. Thus, this study aimed to determine the correlations of the results of the above mentioned methods. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 tasks were studied in four industries. For each task, a video taping of a full working cycle was prepared and evaluated according to the instructions of each method. The level of risk exposure to musculoskeletal disorders was analyzed with correlation and Kappa agreement coefficient tests using SPSS (version 16) and R software packages.Results: The correlation between the results of risk assessments of OCRA and SI methods for right and left hands were acceptable and equal to 0.751 and 0.726, respectively (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the coefficients of agreement between OCRA and HAL methods for left and right hands were 0.526 and 0.595, respectively.Conclusion: These findings partly confirmed the agreement between the methods of risk assessment. The origin of this partial agreement can be the number and type of variables and their impacts on the final score of the methods.